VIRAL DISEASES

VIRAL DISEASES

Name of disease	Caused by	Parts of body affected	Method of spread	Type of Vaccination
Influenza	A myxovirus (RNA virus)	Respiratory passages: epithelial lining of trachea and bronchi.	Droplet Infection	Killed virus
Common cold	Large variety of viruses, commonly rhino-virus (RNA Virus)	Respiratory passages	Droplet Infection	Intramuscular injection.
Smallpox	Variola virus (DNA virus)	Respiratory passages, then skin	Droplet Infection (Wounds in skin)	Living atteneuated virus applied by scratching skin, no longer carried
Chickenpox	Varicella- zoster	Blistering Skin rash	Air-borne droplets	Living attenuated virus
Mumps	A paramyxovirus (RNA virus)	Respiratory passages, infection via blood, salivary glands, testes in adult males	Droplet infection	Living attenuated virus
Measles	A paramyxovirus (RNA virus)	Respiratory passages, spreading to skin and intestines.	Droplet infection	Living attenuated virus
German measles (Rubella)	Rubella virus	Respiratory passages, lymph nodes in neck, eyes and skin.	Droplet infection	Living attenuated virus, more essential for girls because disease causes complication in pregnancy.
Poliomyelitis (polio)	Poliovirus (RNA Virus)	Pharynx and intestines, then blood; occasionally motor neurons in spinal cord, paralysis may occur.	Droplet infection or via human faeces	Living attenuated virus given orally
Yellow fever	An arbovirus i.e arthropod-borne virus (RNA Virus)	Lining of blood vessels and liver	Vector- arthropods e.g ticks, mosquitoes	Living attenuated virus
AIDS	Retrovirus (RNA virus)	Skin Cancer	Sexual intercourse homo- and hetrosexuals	Not available
Ebola haemorrhagic fever	Ebola Virus disease (EVD)	Fatal Illness in Humans, Fever	It is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission.	No licensed Ebola vaccine is available
Zika disease	Zika Virus (mosquito borne disease)	Causes mild illness in the people like dengue, yellow fever	Basically Infection in pregnant women is linked to abnormally small heads in their babies.	No vaccine available

Bacterial Diseases of Humans

Name of disease	Caused by	Parts of body affected	Method of spread	Type of vaccination or antibodies
Diphtheria	Corynebacterium diphtheria	Upper respiratory tract, mainly throat also toxin affects heart.	Droplet infection	Toxoid
Tuberculosis (TB)	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Mainly lungs	Droplet infection, Drinking milk from infected cattle.	BCG living attenuated bacteria. Antibiotics e.g. streptomycin.
Whooping cough (Pertussis)	Bordetella pertussis	Upper respiratory tract, inducing violent coughing	Droplet infection	Killed bacteria
Gonorrhoea	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Reproductive organs: mainly mucous membranes of urinogenital tract. Newborn infants may acquire serious eye infections if they pass through infected birth canal.	Contagion by sexual contact	Antibiotics, e.g. penicillin, streptomycin
Syphilis	Treponema pallidum	Reproductive organs, then eyes, bones, joints, central nervous system, heart and skin.	Contagion by sexual contact	Antibiotics. e.g. penicillin
Tetanus	Clostridium tetani	Blood. Toxin produced which affects motor nerves of spinal cord and hence muscles, causing lockjaw and spreading to the muscles.	Wound infection	Toxoid
Cholera	Vibrio cholera	Alimentary canal: mainly small intestine.	Faecal contamination (a) food - or water borne of material contaminated with faeces from infected person. (b) handling of contaminated Objects. (c) vector, e,g. flies moving from human faeces to food.	Killed bacteria: short-lived protection and not always effective Antibiotics e.g. tetracyclines, chloramphenicol.
Typhoid fever	Salmonella typhi	Alimentary canal, then spreading to lymph and blood, lungs, bone marrow, spleen.	Same as cholera	Killed bacteria (TAB vaccine)
Bacterial dysentery	Shigella dysenteriae	Alimentary canal, mainly ileum and colon	Same as cholera	No vaccine.
Bacterial food poisoning (gastro enteritis or salmonellosis)	Salmonella spp.	Alimentary canal	Mainly foodborne meat from infected animals from poultry and pigs. Also via faecal contamination as cholera	Antibiotic. e.g. tetracyclines.

Diseases Caused By Worms

Disease	Pathogen responsible and its habitat	Mode of transmission	Main symptoms
Ancylostomiasis or 'Hook-worm disease'	Ancylostoma duobenale, small intestine (jejunum) of man	Transmission from person to person, filariform larvae passed out in faeces, man picks up infection walking barefoot on faecally-contaminated soil.	Dermatitis; reddish, severe anaemia; duodenal ulcer, constipation. Patient pale, face puffy with swelling of lower eyelids.
Ascariasis	Ascaris Lumbricoides; small intestine (jejunum) of man	Transmission from person to person, ripe eggs passed out in faeces, infection affected by swallowing ripe Ascaris eggs with raw vegetables.	Larvae in lung cause pneumonia. May give rise to typhoid-like fever, causes protein and Vitamin A deficiencies resulting in protein-calorie malnutrition and night blindness respectively. Can cause appendicitis, jaundice.
Enterobiasis or 'Pinworm disease'	Enterobius vermicularis, caecum and vermiform appendix	Transmission from one person to another by ingestion of eggs in contaminated food or drink.	Eczematous condition round the anus, bed wetting at night, inflammation of vermiform appendix.
Filariasis	Wuchereria Bancrofti, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.	Part of the life cycle in mosquito in which larvae develop and become infectious to man, with mosquito bite larvae deposited on skin which enter through puncture wound and reach lymphatic channels	Elephantiasis i.e. enormous enlargement of certain parts such as that of leg, scrotum, penis, labia, clitoris, breast, forearm.

Diseases Caused By Worms

Diseases caused by Fungi

Disease	Pathogen responsible	Mode of transmission	Main symptoms
Ringworm (tinea)	Microsporum, Trichophyton	Direct contact from unbathed cats and dogs or objects handled by infected individuals	Contain one or more blistered areas on skin and scalp. Cause partial and temporary baldness in children.
Athlete's foot	Trichophyton	Bad foot hygiene where skin remains warm and moist for long periods.	Painful itching or burning sensation in the infected areas. Crack appears in the skin, mass of loose dead skin clings between toes.
Madura foot	Maurella Mycetomi	Fungi gain entry through some minor injury to the skin.	Produce a chronic, granulating infection of the lower extremities, affected part becomes enlarged and develops many deep sores, extensive bone destruction leading to crippling deformities.
Dhobie itch	Several Different Fungi	Direct contact through Objects handled by infected person.	A type of ringworm infection usually located in the groin and inner surfaces of thighs, red rash which itches intensely.